Conflict of Interest Statement

All authors must disclose all actual or potential competing interests that could compromise the objectivity, integrity, or quality of their submitted work. Competing interests include financial, professional, institutional, personal, or other relationships that may influence the research results and manuscript conclusions.

If no competing interests exist, authors shall explicitly state: "The authors declare no competing interests.”

Where competing interests exist, authors must provide a clear and detailed description of the interests to maintain full academic transparency. All disclosed competing interests will be reviewed by the editorial team and published together with the accepted article.

Editors, reviewers, and editorial staff of Sport Science and Health Promotion will recuse themselves from editorial evaluation and decision-making if any competing interests are identified, to ensure complete impartiality in the peer-review and publication process.